Volumetric Titration.

  

 

It is one of the most powerful methods of quantitative analysis.

In this technique a known volume of solution of an analyte is reacted completely with a measurable volume of the solution of an appropriate reagent of a known concentration, called the titrant.
Some other terms commonly used in volumetric titration are described below.

Standard solution: The solution of a reagent with a known concentration, which is made to react with the solution of an analyte. Is known as the standard solution or the standard titrant.

Titration: This is a process in which a standard solution is added gradually from a burette to a known volume of the solution of the analyte, until the reaction between the analyte and the titrant is judged to be complete.
The difference between the initial and the final readings of the burette, gives the volume of the titrant required, for completing the titration.

Equivalence point: This is the point in a titration at which the amount of the titrant is chemically equivalent to the amount of the analyte in a given sample. For example. In the titration of NaCl with the AgNO3.
The equivalence point is reached when exactly one mole of Ag+ ions are added to each mole of Cl- ions present in the solution of the analyte.

End point: The equivalence point of a titration is only a theoretical point which cannot be determined experimentally. It can only be estimated by observing some visible physical change that happens to be associated with the attainment of equivalence.
This change, signals, the completion of the reaction, and the approach of the endpoint for the titration.
Evidently the volume of the titrant required for securing the endpoint would be a drop or two more than the volume required for the attainment of equivalence point.
For accurate work, additional volume should be as small as possible.

Indicator: An indicator is a chemical substance that is added to the solution of an analyte to produce, an observable, physical change, as, for example, a change in color, at or near the end point.

Basic requirements of a titration reaction.

The basic reaction involved in a titration must satisfy a number of requirements. The most important of which are as follows.

1) The reaction between the analyte and the titrant must proceed to completion at a fast rate.

2) The reaction should proceed stoichiometrically. The nature of the products should not only be known precisely but should also remain unchanged with alterations in experimental conditions.

3) The equivalence point of the titration reaction should be detectable precisely with the help of an indicator.

4) The exact concentration of the titrant must be known.

5) The equivalence point and endpoint should almost coincide with each other.

6) Only one specific reaction should occur between the titrant and the analyte. There should be no side reaction.

7) The reaction between the titrant and the analyte should be simple permitting definite quantitative relation between them. 

This is the basic of volumetric titration,  I think you all understand it well if you have any doubt ask in comments .